Metabolic Syndrome
From WebMD.com
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What is Metabolic Syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X or dysmetabolic syndrome, refers to a cluster of metabolic conditions that can lead to heart disease. The main features of metabolic syndrome include insulin resistance, hypertension (high blood pressure), abnormal cholesterol, and an increased risk for clotting. People diagnosed with this syndrome are usually overweight or obese. Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but does not use it properly. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps the body use glucose, a form of sugar, for energy. If a person has insulin resistance, his or her body is not converting glucose for use by muscles and other tissues. |
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How Is Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosed?
According to American Heart Association guidelines, any three of the following traits in the same person meet the criteria for the metabolic syndrome:
How Common Is Metabolic Syndrome?
Approximately 20%-30% of the population in industrialized countries has metabolic syndrome.
What Causes Metabolic Syndrome?
As is true with many medical conditions, genetics and the environment both play important roles in the development of metabolic syndrome.
Genetic factors influence each component of the syndrome, and the syndrome itself. A family history that includes type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and early heart disease greatly increases the chance that an individual will develop metabolic syndrome.
Environmental issues such as low activity level, sedentary lifestyle, and progressive weight gain also contribute significantly to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic syndrome is present in about 5% of people with normal body weight, 22% of those who are overweight and 60% of those considered obese. Adults who continue to gain 5 or more pounds per year raise their risk of developing metabolic syndrome by up to 45%.
While obesity itself is likely the greatest risk factor, others include:
According to American Heart Association guidelines, any three of the following traits in the same person meet the criteria for the metabolic syndrome:
- Abdominal obesity: a waist circumference over 102 cm (40 in) in men and over 88 cm (35 inches) in women
- Serum triglycerides: 150 mg/dl or above, or taking medication for elevated triglycerides
- HDL (''good'') cholesterol: 40mg/dl or lower in men and 50mg/dl or lower in women
- Blood pressure of 130/85 or above (or taking medication for high blood pressure)
- Fasting blood glucose of 100 mg/dl or above
- High insulin levels, an elevated fasting blood glucose or an elevated post-meal glucose alone with at least two of the following criteria:
- Abdominal obesity as defined by a waist-to-hip ratio of greater than 0.9, a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2 or a waist measurement over 37 inches
- Cholesterol panel showing a triglyceride level of at least 150 mg/dl or an HDL cholesterol lower than 35 mg/dl
- Blood pressure of 140/90 or higher (or on treatment for high blood pressure)
How Common Is Metabolic Syndrome?
Approximately 20%-30% of the population in industrialized countries has metabolic syndrome.
What Causes Metabolic Syndrome?
As is true with many medical conditions, genetics and the environment both play important roles in the development of metabolic syndrome.
Genetic factors influence each component of the syndrome, and the syndrome itself. A family history that includes type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and early heart disease greatly increases the chance that an individual will develop metabolic syndrome.
Environmental issues such as low activity level, sedentary lifestyle, and progressive weight gain also contribute significantly to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic syndrome is present in about 5% of people with normal body weight, 22% of those who are overweight and 60% of those considered obese. Adults who continue to gain 5 or more pounds per year raise their risk of developing metabolic syndrome by up to 45%.
While obesity itself is likely the greatest risk factor, others include:
- Being in post menopause
- Smoking
- Eating a diet that is excessively high in carbohydrates
- Not getting enough physical activity
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What Are the Dangers in Having Metabolic Syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome is a condition that can lead to both diabetes and heart disease, two of the most common chronic diseases today. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (the common type of diabetes) anywhere from 9 to 30 times over the normal population. As to the risk of heart disease, studies vary, but metabolic syndrome appears to increase the risk 2 to 4 times that of the normal population. Other health risks from metabolic syndrome include fat accumulation in the liver (fatty liver), resulting in inflammation and the potential for cirrhosis. |
The kidneys can also be affected, as metabolic syndrome is associated with microalbuminuria, the leaking of protein into the urine, a subtle but clear indication of kidney damage. The syndrome can also cause obstructive sleep apnea, polycystic ovary syndrome, increased risk of dementia with aging, and cognitive decline in older adults.
How Is Metabolic Syndrome Treated?The major goals are to treat both the underlying cause of metabolic syndrome and to reduce factors that may lead to heart problems.
Lifestyle modification is the preferred treatment of metabolic syndrome. Weight reduction usually requires a specifically tailored, multifaceted program that includes diet and exercise. Medications also may be useful.
How Is Metabolic Syndrome Treated?The major goals are to treat both the underlying cause of metabolic syndrome and to reduce factors that may lead to heart problems.
Lifestyle modification is the preferred treatment of metabolic syndrome. Weight reduction usually requires a specifically tailored, multifaceted program that includes diet and exercise. Medications also may be useful.